فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 117 (آذر 1401)

Today, quality of services is one of the main factors for the survival and growth of any type of organization, including educational organizations. Service providers and service recipients both play key roles in determining the quality of services.

The purpose of this study was to compare the quality model of smart educational services from the viewpoint of recipients and service providers based on the HEdPERF model.

The present research is from the perspective of exploratory-applied orientation and from the perspective of descriptive-survey goal. The statistical population of smart schools in region 2 of Tehran, which has 4 smart schools, has a total of 240 students and 83 teachers and teaching staff. The number of samples obtained for service recipients (students) is 148 and 64 people as a statistical sample of service providers (teachers and teaching staff). A questionnaire was used to collect research data. To compare the quality of smart educational services between these two groups, t-test with two independent samples was used.

For all 6 components of quality of education services including educational aspect, educational performance, program, non-educational aspect, access and reputation between service recipients and service providers, there is a significant difference of 99% confidence level. In other words, in all six mentioned aspects, the service providers evaluated the current situation better than the service receivers.

From the perspective of service recipients, the average quality of services provided is lower than that of service providers. That is, there is a gap between the views of service providers and recipients Such a result was somewhat predictable, because most of the service providers evaluate the quality of their services more favorably than the service receivers, and the service receivers usually have more critical opinions about the various dimensions of the services provided.

The literature in sports psychology showed that a decrease in the feeling of psychological security probably caused a decrease in success and thus caused fear and anxiety. As a result, sports psychologists have focused on training programs to overcome the reduction in feelings of psychological security and fear.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spiritual vitality training program and evaluation on fear of failure and psychological security of athletes.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test research design, 46 female athletes were selected by voluntary participation, and randomly divided into two groups of spiritual vitality and control training programs. Participants completed pre-test and post-test questionnaires of psychological security (Edmondson, 1999) and fear of failure (Conory et al, 2002). The intervention phase was performed in 28 one-hour sessions. This protocol was a combination of the protocol of spiritual vitality (eight sessions), consciousness in the moment (ten sessions) and acceptance and awareness (ten sessions) (Mehry Varnayeb, 2017). During this time, the participants in the control group engaged in their daily activities. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that spiritual vitality training program has a significant effect on reducing the fear of failure (ie, decreased self-esteem, fear of having an unknown future, fear of upsetting important people, fear of experiencing shame and fear of losing Giving interest to important people (athletes) (P<0.05). It also showed that spiritual vitality training program has a significant effect on increasing the sense of psychological security of athletes (P<0.05).

The results showed that spiritual vitality program has been effective in reducing the fear of failure and increasing the feeling of psychological security of the athletes through self-control and it is important for experts to be aware of this program in order to reduce the fear of failure and improve the safety of athletes.

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder in a child that persists throughout life. The main clinical symptom is attention deficit and hyperactivity. These children are weaker than their peers in social skills and show more behavioral and social problems. Research shows that cultural differences are essential in diagnosing and treating the disorder in the early years. To moderate the effects of the disorder, it is necessary to use effective interventions in family, school, and society. In the study community, There is a research gap in the lived experience of parents with children with ADHD disorder.

This amied to understand the problems of Iranian parents in the development of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder through their lived experience.

A qualitative approach and phenomenological method were used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone and in-person With 12 parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder selected by purposive and available sampling, The data were analyzed with the seven-step method of Colaizzi.

Data analysis led to the extraction of 4 main themes and 19 subthemes. The main themes are Parents' challenges, parents' strategies for the problem, behaviors aggravating symptoms of the disorder, and the effects of ADHD on parents.

Based on the findings of this study, which are in line with the social, cultural, and lived experiences of parents of children with ADHD disorder, it seems that part of the parents' problems in the core family is not accepting the influence of the disorder on the child's behavior. In this case, the child's undesirable behavior by the parent is perceived as intentional behavior that leads to negative effects on the parent-child relationship. At the social level, due to the lack of awareness of the behavioral differences of the child with the disorder, parents are blamed for their parenting method and the child receives the wrong label. Parents typically cope with this social issue by concealing the disorder from the child and others and limiting family social relations, Which led to the loss of the companionship of the child and the support of society.

Communication skills, communication patterns, and maladaptive schemas are all key predictors of divorce, and each has been examined separately in numerous studies. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the combined effect of these three factors on divorce applicant couples and non-divorced couples.

The purpose of this study was to predict divorce based on early maladaptive schemas, communication skills, and communication patterns in non-divorced and divorce applicant couples who went to pre-divorce counseling centers.

The descriptive method was used to conduct the research (causal-comparative). The statistical population of the study included 400 divorce applicants from Tehran's District 4 in Iran. During the first half of 2021, family courts referred these samples to pre-divorce counseling centers. In addition, 400 non-divorced couples were selected as the control group. The study instruments included the Young Schema Questionnaire (FS-QS), the  Queen Dam Communication Skills (CSTR), and the Communication Patterns (CPQ), which were developed in 1998 , 2004, and 1991, respectively. The responses of the study samples to these questionnaires were analyzed using MANOVA and Logistic Regression tests .

The results of regression analysis showed that 53 to 70% of the variance of divorce is explained by initial maladaptive schemas, 45 to 61% by communication skills and 17 to 22% of divorce by communication patterns. Divorce-seeking couples' communication skills are weaker than normal couples, and communication patterns of withdrawal-expectation and mutual avoidance in divorce-seeking couples are higher than normal couples. The schemes of divorced couples were lower than normal couples in only the first two incompatible schemes of distrust and inadequate self-control, and the average of the other 13 schemes is higher.

According to the findings, consultation, the development of communication skills and patterns, and schema therapy may all aid in the reduction of divorce cases.

Absence of intimacy and low level of differentiation of couples can be one of the reasons of divorce among couples. Although the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy has been confirmed on different variables, no research has been performed on its effectiveness on the levels of differentiation, studied population, and comparison of this treatment with systemic-behavioral treatment.

This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of systemic-behavioral and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and self-differentiation of couples who have martial conflicts.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and two-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population consisted of couples referring to two healthcare centers of district 4 of Tehran because of marital conflicts in 2019-2020. From among the clients of these two centers, after completing the questionnaire of marital conflict (Sanaei, 2008), 27 couples (n=54) were chosen and after matching, they were assigned into three groups (two experimental and one control). The research instruments included the Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Scale (1983), Skowron and Friedlander self-differentiation questionnaire (1998). One of the experimental groups received systemic-behavioral couple therapy of Crow and Ridley (2005), while the other group received cognitive-behavioral couple therapy protocol of Dattilio (2009) as couple in ten 90-min sessions. Data analysis was performed using mixed variance analysis and Bonferroni post-hoc test using SPSS-21.

The results showed that both couple therapy methods significantly improved the intimacy and self-differentiation of the couples with marital conflict. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these treatment models (p<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, application of these two approaches is recommended for improving intimacy and differentiation among couples with marital conflicts

Research shows that metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility are related to resilience. However, there is a research gap in the scope of indigenous studies in the research community.

This research was conducted to investigate the role of metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility in predicting resilience in the wives of martyrs of Alborz province.

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population included all the wives of the martyrs in 2021- 2022. 451 people were selected through the available sampling method and Wells and Cartwright Hutton (2004) metacognition questionnaires, Bond et al.'s acceptance and action questionnaire (2007), Bodner's ambiguity tolerance questionnaire (1960), and Connor et al.'s resilience questionnaire (2003) was implemented on them. Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression analysis.

According to the data analysis, the variables of psychological flexibility (β=0.37), ambiguity tolerance (β=0.25), cognitive stability (β=0.22), uncontrollability and dangerousness of thoughts (β=-0.19), and cognitive trust (β = -0.13) are respectively the strongest predictors of resilience. In addition, psychological flexibility (F=7.23, p≥0.001), ambiguity tolerance (F=10.6, p≥0.001), and cognitive stability (F=19.5, p≥0.001) predict an increase in resilience, but belief in the uncontrollability and dangerousness of thoughts (F=99.2, p≥0.003) and cognitive trust (F=51.2, p≥0.012) predict a decrease in resilience.

From the above findings, it can be concluded that metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility are directly related to resilience and increase resilience. Repeating the research with more samples in other groups is needed.

Substance abuse is one of the most important causes of risky behavior and its detrimental effect on other social harms is tangible and takes up a substantial amount of funds and resources. It must be noted, however, that different treatment methods have not been successful in treating the psychological structures of addiction, and many former users are still returning to using after quitting.

the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on intentional self-regulation, distress tolerance and psychological flexibility in men with substances abuse disorder undergoing maintenance therapy.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all men with a substance abuse disorder undergoing maintenance therapy, who were referred to Robat Karim addiction treatment centers in 2020. Among these, 36 people were selected using a random cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to the expetimental and control groups. The data collection tool in the present study included the Intentional self-regulation Questionnaire (Freund, Baltes, 2002), the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (Simons, Gaher, 2005) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011). Ten 50-minute mindfulness therapy sessions were conducted with the experimental group. Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis in SPSS26.

Results showed that mindfulness was significantly effective on all three variables (intentional self-regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility) in the experimental group (P<0.0001), and the mean of the experimental group was significantly higher than the mean of the control group (P<0.0001).

Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that mindfulness therapy is effective for reducing intentional self-regulation, distress tolerance, and psychological flexibility in men with substance abuse disorders by encouraging them to focus on their experiences in the present without judgment. Consequently, mindfulness therapy can be used in conjunction with other treatment approaches for individuals suffering from substance abuse.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that can be stimulated and intensified by psychological factors such as anxiety and negative imotions and affects the quality of life of these patients. But can help the behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions on improve the qulailty of life and emotional schemas in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with generalized anxiety disorder?

The aim of study was the efficacy of behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions on qulailty of life and emotional schemas in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group and follow up for three months. The statistical population included patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder in Tehran. 60 patients were selected through targeted sampling and were assigned randomly into two experimental groups and one control group (n= 20 each). Experimental groups received twelve 90-minute sessions of behavioral cognitive (Dugas & Robichaud, 2007) and acceptance and commitment (Eifert & Forsyth, 1396) interventions, and the control group received no intervention during this period. Participants were assessed by Patrick & Drossman's IBS Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (1998) and Jiang & et.al emotional schemas questionnaire (2019) in pre-test and post-test. The results were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance.

Both interventions had a significant effect on improve the quality of life and emotional schemas (P<0.01), this effect was stable during follow-up period (P <0.01). Also, there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of efficacy and both treatments are equally effective.

Each of the behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions as an effective intervention can be used in medical centers to improve the quality of life and emotional schemas of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder.

Because research shows that reducing problem solving skills causes problems such as reduced academic achievement and academic achievement in elementary students. Although these dimensions and constituent components have been identified, there is a research gap in the psychometric study of these characteristics in the study population. Understanding the dimensions and components of it is very important. The question is, what are the components and dimensions of the elementary students' problem-solving skills questionnaire?

The aim of this research was to study the psychometric properties of the problem-solving skills questionnaire Heppner and Petersen in primary school students of Birjand

The method of the present study was correlation in terms of the purpose of the application in terms of the nature of the data. The statistical population of the present study included all male and female students in the sixth grade of elementary school in Birjand who were studying in public and non-public schools in the 98-99 academic year. 245 people (92 boys and 149 girls) were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Participants answered the Hepner (1982) problem-solving skills questionnaire and Solomon and Rothblum (1984) academic procrastination questionnaires in a single session, in a classroom performance with the same arrangement of tools, respectively.

confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the problem-solving skills questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor structure of the scale has an acceptable fit with the data and all the fit indices also confirmed the fit of the model. (χ/df= 2.56؛ GFI= 0.97, NFI= 0.96, NNFI= 0.97, CFI= 0.97). Also, in order to estimate the divergent validity, the results of independent t-test showed that the average problem-solving skills of the non-procrastinating group was about 16 points higher than the procrastinating group (P < 0.05). Also, the reliability of the components and the whole scale of problem-solving skills (self-confidence in problem solving: 0.80, tendency- avoidance problem: 0.78, personal control: 0.70 and problem-solving skills: 0.91) using Cronbach's alpha methods were appropriate

Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the Problem-Solving Skills Questionnaire as a tool for assessing students' problem-solving skills and can be used by researchers, therapists and academic advisors.

Although the attention to the psychological and social needs of families with autism children has been identified as one of the objectives of health centers and some studies have identified their compatibility dimensions in structured interviews with mothers having their own children. However, a study that is deeply concerned with the identification of couple's adaptation to their child does not exist.

This study`s concern is to identify and model the patterns of adaptation of couples with their autistic children.

this was a qualitative study using grounded theory approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed based on the open, axial, and selective coding process. The population of the study were couples with autistic children in Tehran and 15 were selected by using purposive sampling method based on the level of the theoretical saturation as samples.

According to the results, 6 central categories of the role of religion / spirituality with the main categories (religious beliefs and teachings and belief in divine providence), personality traits with the main categories (psychological abilities, basic acceptance, meaning of life), Increasing knowledge and awareness with the main categories (role of media and social networks in informing parents, receiving education and learning, rehabilitation and treatment of children), social pressure with the main categories (pressure of law and social requirements and restrictions) And lifestyle considerations with the main categories (making changes in lifestyle according to the circumstances, the passage of time) affect the process of adaptation of parents with children with autism.

The findings of the present study provide new information about the factors affecting the adjustment of parents to children with autism that can be considered in therapeutic interventions and the adjustment process and parents' problems with children with autism.

Adolescence is associated with developmental, biological, psychological and behavioral changes. Emergence of emotional problems and inability to control emotions may make teenagers vulnerable to risky behaviors such as substance abuse. Predisposed people have a greater tendency to use drugs and with this mental occupation, there is a greater possibility that they will fall into the trap of addiction. Paying attention to adolescents' anxiety in school and psychological needs such as communication and attachment, intimacy and independence causes a sense of competence and inner self-efficacy in adolescents. But so far, the study of these variables in the tendency to use drugs has not been studied in an integrated model.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of school anxiety and emotional control in the relationship between basic psychological needs and the tendency to use drugs among students.

This research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all secondary school students of Noor city in the academic year of 1401-1400, of which 250 were selected by cluster sampling. All of them completed Zargar substance abuse questionnaires (2015), Desi and Ryan basic psychological needs (2000), Phillips school anxiety (1987) and Roger and Nashover emotional control scale (1987) in virtual form. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and structural equations.

The results showed that both variables of school anxiety and emotional control had a mediating role in relation to basic psychological needs and tendency to use drugs, and all direct and indirect paths between the variables were significant (p<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the structural model of the research had a good fit and the use and awareness of the research variables can play a decisive role in the tendency of teenagers to abuse drugs, and therefore, by improving the basic psychological needs and emotional control and reducing school anxiety, it is possible to Preventing the tendency to use drugs in teenagers.

HIV infection is a new social phenomenon that affects almost all aspects of a person’s mental, physical, social and economic health in life. One of the problems with HIV-positive prisoners is the low level of emotional regulation and low social adjustment that leads to their low quality of life. Research also shows that group training in the concepts of choice theory has been effective in many psychological problems of HIV patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group training program of concepts of choice theory on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social adjustment in HIV-positive prisoners.

This study was a quasi-experimental study of four groups of Solomon in which a combination of pre-test-post-test designs with control group and post-test design with control group was used. For this purpose, among the HIV-positive prisoners of Shiraz Central Prison in 1399, 60 people were selected by available sampling method and were placed equally and randomly in two experimental groups and two control groups (15 people in each group). Experimental groups participated in a group training program on the concepts of choice theory (Glasser, 2012) during 9 sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week), while the control groups did not receive any intervention. Participants were assessed using the Garnefski et al. (2001) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale and Bell’s Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1961). Data were also analyzed using two-way analysis of variance.

The results showed that group training of choice theory concepts on increasing social adjustment and improving the components of self-blame, reception, rumination, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive re-evaluation, perspective, disastrous and blaming of others have been effective in HIV-positive prisoners (P<0.05).

It seems that group training of concepts of choice theory due to the effect of control techniques, basic needs, general behavior, desirable world, perceptual system, creative behavioral system and responsibility in improving cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social adjustment of HIV-positive prisoners can gain more attention by researchers in more samples and in different cultures.